Phantom types

Phantom types are types that have a type variable on the type that is not used constructors. E.g.

type Users a =
	Users (List User)

This type variable allows us to restrict what type a function can take and return. For example:

type Active
	= Active

activeUsers : List User -> Users Active
activeUsers users =
	users
		|> List.filter isActive
		|> Users

activeUsers is a function that takes all users and only returns active users.

Phantom types are useful for things like:

• Enforcing invariants in functions and views
• Validation
• State machines
• Processes

In the example below we could have a view that only takes active users:

usersView : Users Active -> Html msg

The compiler will complain if we try to pass all users to this view. In this way it can be sure that we are filtering users correctly.